https://www.journalpsij.com/index.php/PSIJ/issue/feed Physical Science International Journal 2021-10-25T15:20:41+00:00 Physical Science International Journal contact@journalpsij.com Open Journal Systems <p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Physical Science International Journal (ISSN:&nbsp;2348-0130) </strong>publishes original research articles, review articles and short communications, in all areas of Physics, Chemistry and Earth Sciences. This is a quality controlled, peer-reviewed, open access INTERNATIONAL journal.</p> https://www.journalpsij.com/index.php/PSIJ/article/view/30267 Unsettled Problems of Second-Order Quantum Theories of Elementary Particles 2021-10-25T15:20:41+00:00 E. Comay elicomay@post.tau.ac.il <p>The physical community agrees that the variational principle is a cornerstone of a quantum fields theory (QFT) of an elementary particle. This approach examines the variation of the action of&nbsp;a Lagrangian density whose form is $$S = \int d^4 x \mathcal {L}(\psi,\psi_{,\mu}).$$ The dimension of the action $$S$$ and $$d^4x$$ prove that the quantum function $$\psi$$ of any specific Lagrangian density $$\mathcal {L}(\psi,\psi_{,\mu})$$ has a definite dimension. This evidence determines the results of new consistency tests of QFTs. This work applies these tests to several kinds of quantum functions of a QFT of elementary particles. It proves that coherent results are derived from the standard form of quantum electrodynamics which depends on the Dirac linear equation of a massive&nbsp;charged particle and Maxwell theory of the electromagnetic fields. In contrast, contradictions stem from second-order quantum theories of an elementary particle, such as the Klein-Gordon equation and the electroweak theory of the $$W^\pm$$ boson. An observation of the literature that discusses the latter theories indicates that they do not settle the above-mentioned crucial problems. This issue supports the main results of this work.</p> 2021-10-25T00:00:00+00:00 ##submission.copyrightStatement##